Final Program
Global Program
Detailed program
Opening plenary session
Wednesday, September 8
@ 9:00-9:30
A1 - Analysis and sustainable design of goods and services production systems (I)
Chair: Fabiana Tornese
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - Reusing coffee ground waste in manufacture of novel sustainable product (ID: 98)
Luca Adelfio, Rosa Micale, Concetta Manuela La Fata, Giada La Scalia
Discussant: Tornese Fabiana - 10:10 - Implementation of Lean Manufacturing tools in emerging countries: evidence from Uzbek SMEs (ID: 105)
Abror Hoshimov, Anna Corinna Cagliano, Maurizio Schenone, Jamshid Inoyatkhodjaev
Discussant: Rossini Matteo - 10:30 - Analysis of digital technologies as a support for Circular Economy adoption in manufacturing (ID: 113)
Federica Acerbi, Marco Taisch
Discussant: Iannone Raffaele - 10:50 - Circular Economy and Industry 4.0: trends and interconnections (ID: 118)
Serena Ilari, Giulio Marcucci, Filippo Emanuele Ciarapica, Maurizio Bevilacqua
Discussant: Rosa Paolo - 11:10 - Circular Economy in the Italian Fashion sector – a new, post-pandemic state of the art (ID: 146)
Alessandro Brun
Discussant: Tomasoni Giuseppe - 11:30 - Assessing the readiness of manufacturing companies for the Circular Economy: an analysis and an initial proposal (ID: 155)
Gianmarco Bressanelli, Nicola Saccani, Marco Perona
Discussant: Grazia Gnoni Maria - 11:50 - Waste reuse as a tool for increasing sustainability in industrial production (ID: 164)
Stefano Saetta, Valentina Caldarelli, Sara Tapola
Discussant: Tornese Fabiana
A2 - Manufacturing processes and technologies study and design
Chair: Fabiana Pirola
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - Best Available Practices to manage ladle treatment processes in the steel industry: a systematic literature review (ID: 92)
Elena Stefana, Filippo Marciano, Diana Rossi, Paola Cocca, Giuseppe Tomasoni
Discussant: Rimini Bianca - 10:10 - On the advances of the Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Planning and Control system architectures (ID: 138)
Silvestro Vespoli, Andrea Grassi, Giuseppe Converso, Liberatina Carmela Santillo
Discussant: Pirola Fabiana - 10:30 - A simulation based approach to model SARS-CoV-2 spread in assembly lines (ID: 153)
Valentina Popolo, Andrea Grassi, Mose Gallo, Teresa Murino
Discussant: Venettacci Simone - 10:50 - On Reinforcement Learning in production control its potentiality in manufacturing (ID: 154)
Maria Grazia Marchesano, Guido Guizzi, Davide Castellano, Mario Di Nardo
Discussant: Costantino Francesco - 11:10 - Production Technology Comparison between Additive manufacturing and Injection Moulding through Life Cycle Assessment (ID: 190)
Pasquale Manco, Marcello Fera, Marta Rinaldi, Mario Caterino, Raffaele Abbate, Maria Antonietta Turino
Discussant: Terzi Sergio - 11:30 - A new methodological framework to schedule job assignments by considering human factors and workers' individual needs (ID: 163)
Nicola Berti, Serena Finco, Daria Battini
Discussant: Fedele Lorenzo - 11:50 - A Programme Theory evaluation of initiatives to support Health and Safety improvement: an Italian cross-sectional study (ID: 161)
Gaia Vitrano, Guido J.L. Micheli, Guido Sala, Armando Guglielmi, Diego De Merich, Giuseppe Campo, Mauro Pellicci
Discussant: Lagorio Alexandra
A3 - Uncertainty and risk management in industrial system engineering
Chair: Beatrice Marchi
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - The occupational health and safety risks of ongoing digital transformation. A knowledge management software powered literature review. (ID: 106)
Andrea Falegnami, Massimo Tronci, Francesco Costantino
Discussant: Micheli Guido - 10:10 - Aging management and monitoring of critical equipment in petrochemical applications: an Italian case study (ID: 116)
Simone Arena, Luisa Puddu, Pier Francesco Orrù, Maria Teresa Pilloni
Discussant: Cocca Paola - 10:30 - Critical review of literature about industrial plants resilience computation (ID: 129)
Antonio Casimiro Caputo, Lorenzo Donati, Pacifico Marcello Pelagagge, Paolo Salini
Discussant: Introna Vito - 10:50 - Controlling R&D Projects: Framing a Process (ID: 145)
Guido J.L. Micheli, Lorenza Soffientini, Barbara Picutti, Guido Franzoni, Alberto Bellini
Discussant: Cimini Chiara - 11:10 - Procurement Risk Minimization and Optimal Supply Management Strategy Identification in Industries with Highly Perishable Products (ID: 156)
Marco Ferri, Vittorio Cesarotti, Alessio Tagliacozzo
Discussant: Melloni Riccardo - 11:30 - Address risk and opportunities in Energy Management Systems according to ISO 50001: methodology and application for a production plant (ID: 160)
Daniele Dadi, Vito Introna, Annalisa Santolamazza
Discussant: Marchi Beatrice - 11:50 - The impact of microclimate strategies for the improvement of indoor air quality on well-being and productivity of industrial workers (ID: 175)
Alice Caporale, Lucia Botti, Francesco Gabriele Galizia, Cristina Mora, Marco Bortolini, Emilio Ferrari
Discussant: Meneghetti Antonella
B1 - Sustanable Industrial Logistics and supply chain management
Chair: Paola Cocca
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - Circular design options for wearables integrated sportswear to be employed in adverse outdoor conditions (ID: 94)
Maria Angela Butturi, Silvia Barbi, Simona Marinelli, Monia Montorsi, Rita Gamberini
Discussant: Battini Daria - 14:10 - Food delivery: a model to assess the economic sustainability of geo-localised delivery (ID: 107)
Roberta Vadruccio, Riccardo Mangiaracina, Arianna Seghezzi, Chiara Siragusa, Angela Tumino
Discussant: Mora Cristina - 14:30 - The Sharing Economy as an enabler of Sustainable and Resilient Supply Chains: a systematic literature review (ID: 120)
Maria Concetta Carissimi, Alessandro Creazza, Yari Borbon-Galvez, Claudia Colicchia, Fabrizio Dallari
Discussant: Miranda Salvatore - 14:50 - Improving sustainability performance of the professional printers supply chain (ID: 137)
Margherita Pero, Fabbri Margherita, Masi Antonio, Isabella Capurso, Nizar Abdelkafi
Discussant: La Scalia Giada - 15:10 - Incorporating sustainability in inventory planning models: a systematic literature review of existing approaches (ID: 177)
Antonio Masi, Federica Ciccullo, Margherita Pero, Jinou Xu, Andrea Sianesi
Discussant: Zennaro Ilenia - 15:30 - Sustainability of logistics infrastructures: operational and technological alternatives to reduce the impact on air quality (ID: 178)
Samuele Marinello, Elia Balugani, Bianca Rimini
Discussant: Fera Marcello - 15:50 - A Systematic Literature review on Food Loss and Waste management (ID: 186)
Francesco Facchini, Bartolomeo Silvestri, Giorgio Mossa, Giovanni Mummolo
Discussant: Lagorio Alexandra
B2 - Industrial Logistics and supply chain management (I)
Chair: Romeo Bandinelli
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - The effect on fulfillment time of the M-Division warehouse design approach (ID: 101)
Ivan Ferretti, Sanchoy Das
Discussant: Tiacci Lorenzo - 14:10 - A novel approach for spare parts dynamic deployment (ID: 109)
Alessandra Cantini, Filippo De Carlo, Leonardo Leoni, Mario Tucci
Discussant: Digiesi Salvatore - 14:30 - “Where do I stack it?” A review of the heuristics for the block relocation problem in open yards (ID: 121)
Alexandra Lagorio, Roberto Pinto
Discussant: Facchini Francesco - 14:50 - A review of RFID based solutions for indoor localization of tags (ID: 144)
Giovanni Esposito, Davide Mezzogori, Mattia Neroni, Antonio Rizzi, Giovanni Romagnoli, Mirco Rosa
Discussant: Perotti Sara - 15:10 - A methodology for classifying the literature about zone picking (ID: 148)
Eleonora Bottani, Beatrice Franchi
Discussant: Chiacchio Ferdinando - 15:30 - Optimal Inventory Stock Policy Detection for a SME with High Perishability Constraints (ID: 157)
Alessio Tagliacozzo, Vittorio Cesarotti, Marco Ferri
Discussant: Padoano Elio - 15:50 - DMAIC FL_UE: application of revised tools for the study and optimization of materials flows in a metalworking company (ID: 170)
Domenico Falcone, Alessandro Silvestri, Gianpaolo Di Bona, Antonio Forcina, Giuseppina Belfiore
Discussant: Mangiaracina Riccardo
B3 - Automation and digital transformation of manufacturing systems
Chair: Simone Arena
Wednesday, September 8, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality connections with Digital Twin: a bibliometric review (ID: 96)
Nicolò Saporiti, Fernanda Strozzi, Tommaso Rossi
Discussant: Longo Francesco - 14:10 - A FIWARE-based IoT platform for enabling digital twins in a greenfield smart factory: an application study on a repurposed manufacturing line (ID: 136)
Jessica Lucia Frangella, Francesco Longo, Giovanni Mirabelli, Antonio Padovano, Vittorio Solina
Discussant: Arena Simone - 14:30 - Agriculture 4.0: a preliminar systematic literature review on the paradigm, technologies and main challenges. (ID: 140)
Federico Maffezzoli, Andrea Bacchetti, Marco Ardolino, Filippo Renga, Chiara Corbo, Maria Pavesi
Discussant: Gebennini Elisa - 14:50 - A Framework for Technology Selection and Impact Evaluation of Digitalisation in the Industrial Sector (ID: 141)
Daria Battini, Maurizio Faccio, Leonardo Maretto
Discussant: Bortolini Marco - 15:10 - Impacts of Cobots in manufacturing systems: a literature review and open questions. (ID: 147)
Ali Keshvarparast, Niloofar Katiraee, Serena Finco, Daria Battini
Discussant: Fumagalli Luca - 15:30 - 5G technology application in manufacturing systems (ID: 159)
Chiara Cimini, Sergio Cavalieri
Discussant: Cigolini Roberto - 15:50 - Industry 4.0 and the human asset: skills 4.0 (ID: 183)
Bassel Kassem, Alberto Portioli
Discussant: Cimini Chiara
C1 - Asset management, facility management and product-service systems management (I)
Chair: Federico Adrodegari
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - Towards a tool for SMEs to Maintenance Management process self-assessment and improvement: literature overview and research proposal. (ID: 95)
Alessia Maria Rosaria Tortora, Valentina Di Pasquale, Stefano Riemma, Raffaele Iannone
Discussant: Neri Alessandra - 10:10 - Design product service services by using hydrid simulation: a case study in the fashion industry (ID: 174)
Virginia Fani, Fabiana Pirola, Giuditta Pezzotta, Romeo Bandinelli, Bianca Bindi
Discussant: Pilati Francesco - 10:30 - Cloud Manufacturing - Maas Platforms (ID: 132)
Gianluca Tedaldi, Giovanni Miragliotta
Discussant: Romagnoli Francesco - 10:50 - Validation of a Business Model for a marketplace of lab network initiatives (ID: 139)
Giovanni Esposito, Valentin Kammerlohr, Davide Reverberi, Antonio Rizzi, Giovanni Romagnoli, Francesco Bisaschi
Discussant: Miragliotta Giovanni - 11:10 - The role of Industry 4.0 enabling technologies in layout design and management: Current scenario and future developments (ID: 166)
Luca Silvestri, Antonio Forcina, Gianpaolo Di Bona, Alessandro Silvestri, Domenico Falcone
Discussant: Ciccullo Federica - 11:30 - Proposal of a methodology for the planning of a small wind turbine installation for a multi-site company based on a technical-economic analysis (ID: 171)
Annalisa Santolamazza, Vito Introna
Discussant: Trapani Natalia - 11:50 - From data to Value: how are B2B companies working on the data-driven PSS transformation? (ID: 119)
Michela Zambetti, Federico Adrodegari, Giuditta Pezzotta, Cosimo Barbieri, Roberto Pinto, Nicola Saccani
Discussant: Benedettini Ornella
C2 - Industrial Logistics and supply chain management (II)
Chair: Alexandra Lagorio
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - Mitigating the bullwhip effect in the electric power industry: a simulation model and a case study (ID: 97)
Roberto Cigolini, Simone Franceschetto, Andrea Sianesi
Discussant: Schiraldi Massimiliano - 10:10 - Supply chain skill mismatch: perceptions from the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations database (ID: 102)
Sebastiano Di Luozzo, Lorenzo D'Orazio, Massimiliano Maria Schiraldi
Discussant: Bandinelli Romeo - 10:30 - A framework to support the selection of front-end and back-end solutions in omnichannel retailing (ID: 112)
Maria Giuffrida, Riccardo Mangiaracina, Alessandro Perego
Discussant: Manzini Riccardo - 10:50 - Resizing the Workforce: Application in the Fashion Sector (ID: 115)
Antonio Maria Coruzzolo, Francesco Lolli, Valerio Montanari, Tomas Ciampi
Discussant: Brun Alessandro - 11:10 - Supply Chain Strategy in the Luxury Fashion Industry (ID: 134)
Bianca Bindi, Romeo Bandinelli, Virginia Fani, Maargherita Pero
Discussant: Lagorio Alexandra - 11:30 - Fashion Supply Chain: a literature review to define the trends of research (2012-2019) (ID: 151)
Letizia Tebaldi, Giorgia Casella, Eleonora Bottani
Discussant: Faccio Maurizio - 11:50 - An operational framework for the definition of the supply chain strategies in ETO environments (ID: 191)
Massimo Bertolini, Mattia Neroni, Maniva Oliva
Discussant: Saetta Stefano
C3 - Operations management
Chair: Anna Corinna Cagliano
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 9:40
- 09:50 - The main obstacles discouraging manufacturing industry investment in African developing countries: a literature review (ID: 103)
Stefania Bait, Serena Marino Lauria, Massimiliano Maria Schiraldi, Giulia Catallo
Discussant: Pero Margherita - 10:10 - Managing criteria direction in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models for Facility Location Selection: a case study in African Developing Countries (ID: 104)
Serena Marino Lauria, Stefania Bait, Massimiliano Maria Schiraldi
Discussant: Mossa Giorgio - 10:30 - The critical role of sensei in developing lean leaders (ID: 108)
Matteo Zanchi, Paolo Gaiardelli, Daryl Powell
Discussant: Rossi Monica - 10:50 - Modularity and Operational Efficiency in Engineer-To-Order Companies – A Study in the Machine Tool Industry (ID: 173)
Antonio Masi, Margherita Pero, Nizar Abdelkafi
Discussant: Gamberini Rita - 11:10 - A heuristic algorithm based on routing decisions for the No-Wait Flexible Job-Shop scheduling problem (ID: 180)
Domenico Daniele Nucera, Elisa Negri, Luca Fumagalli
Discussant: Gallo Mose' - 11:30 - Fostering Management Commitment towards Lean Manufacturing (ID: 181)
Federica Costa, Alberto Portioli-Staudacher
Discussant: De Carlo Filippo - 11:50 - Using wastes as driver to integrate digital and engineering practices maturity in the product development process: an application case (ID: 189)
Marco Spaltini, Claudio Sassanelli, Monica Rossi, Sergio Terzi, Marco Taisch
Discussant: Gaiardelli Paolo
D1 - Asset management, facility management and product-service systems management (II)
Chair: Antonio Padovano
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - On reliability estimation approaches for a Weibull failure modelling (ID: 110)
Leonardo Leoni, Alessandra Cantini, Filippo De Carlo, Mario Tucci
Discussant: Savino Matteo Mario - 14:10 - Experiential learning of Prognostics and Health Management and its implementation in MATLAB (ID: 114)
Adalberto Polenghi, Simone Arena, Laura Cattaneo, Marco Macchi, Pier Francesco Orrù
Discussant: Sala Roberto - 14:30 - The Machine Learning Algorithm Selection Model: test with multiple datasets (ID: 125)
Roberto Sala, Matteo Corona, Fabiana Pirola, Giuditta Pezzotta
Discussant: Arena Simone - 14:50 - Using Natural Language Processing to uncover main topics in defect recognition literature (ID: 126)
Margherita Bernabei, Silvia Colabianchi, Francesco Costantino, Riccardo Patriarca
Discussant: Pirola Fabiana - 15:10 - Modelling a predictive maintenance production scenario under aging conditions (ID: 130)
Diego D'Urso, Ferdinando Chiacchio, Antonio Costa, Salvatore Attanasio, Lucio Compagno
Discussant: Sala Roberto - 15:30 - Implementation of a Maintenance Management System for CNC machines (ID: 150)
Jessica Rossi, Augusto Bianchini, Simone Cortesi, Pierre Naisson, Said Atieh
Discussant: Petrillo Antonella - 15:50 - Apparent and root causes of occupational accidents occurred during maintenance interventions (ID: 172)
Lucia Botti, Maniva Oliva, Luciano Di Donato, Riccardo Melloni
Discussant: D'Urso Diego
D2 - Industrial Logistics and supply chain management (III)
Chair: Margherita Pero
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - What drives the adoption of Logistics 4.0 by Logistics Service Providers? An Innovation Diffusion Theory perspective (ID: 124)
Tiziana Modica, Claudia Colicchia, Elena Tappia, Marco Melacini
Discussant: Marchi Beatrice - 14:10 - Impacts of Digital Technologies on Supply Chains: First Results from a Systematic Literature Review (ID: 117)
Mahsa Mahdavisharif, Anna C. Cagliano, Carlo Rafele, sabrina grimaldi
Discussant: Dallasega Patrick - 14:30 - Socio-economic variables driving 4.0 projects in last mile logistics (ID: 123)
Andrea Ferrari, Giulio Mangano, Antonio Carlin
Discussant: Mancini Mauro - 14:50 - Startup-driven innovation for logistics: a classification framework (ID: 93)
Lorenzo Bruno Prataviera, Sara Perotti, Marco Melacini
Discussant: Pinto Roberto - 15:10 - Mass testing against COVID-19: a logistic simulation model to design and manage swab test clinics (ID: 127)
Francesco Pilati, Riccardo Tronconi, Giandomenico Nollo, Patrick Franzoni
Discussant: Macchi Marco - 15:30 - A maturity model to assess the adoption of “Logistics 4.0” technologies in the 3PL industry (ID: 135)
Martina Baglio, Alessandro Creazza, Fabrizio Dallari
Discussant: Mangano Giulio - 15:50 - Lean supply chain and industry 4.0: a study of the interactions among practices and technologies (ID: 184)
Matteo Rossini, Bassel Kassem, Federica Costa, Alberto Portioli-Staudacher
Discussant: Pezzotta Giuditta
D3 - Analysis and sustainable design of goods and services production systems (II)
Chair: Nicola Saccani
Thursday, September 9, 2021 @ 13:40
- 13:50 - Plant utilities optimisation through environmental management system in ISO14000 (ID: 152)
Marialuisa Menanno, Carlo Riccio, Matteo Mario Savino
Discussant: Aiello Giuseppe - 14:10 - A feasibility study of an innovative spinning process for recycled carbon fibres (ID: 111)
Beatrice Colombo, Adele Abdoos, Paolo Gaiardelli, Stefano Dotti
Discussant: Emanuele Ciarapica Filippo - 14:30 - Food engineering systems in the next future: a compromise between sustainability and Industry 4.0 (ID: 122)
Roberta Stefanini, giuseppe vignali
Discussant: Saccani Nicola - 14:50 - Ecological and Energetic Transition towards industrial Sustainability: feasibility study of a low enthalpy ground source heat pump heating and cooling system (ID: 149)
Augusto Bianchini, Elena Bigazzi, Marco Pellegrini, Jessica Rossi
Discussant: Certa Antonella - 15:10 - A multi-objective decision making model for machine tools selection (ID: 99)
Elena Stefana, Giuseppe Tomasoni, Filippo Marciano, Paola Cocca, Diana Rossi
Discussant: Trucco Paolo - 15:30 - Green hydrogen valleys: a preliminary case study for the industrial area of Ravenna (ID: 158)
Alessandro Guzzini, Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini
Discussant: Chinese Damiana - 15:50 - Multi criteria decision analysis for improving cold chain sustainability (ID: 168)
Beatrice Marchi, Simone Zanoni, Francesco Romagnoli, Ivan Ferretti
Discussant: Micale Rosa
Research Workshop - Circular economy and Industrial Engineering
Chair: Nicola Saccani
Wednesday, September 8 @ 17:00-19:00
Time | Speaker | University | Title |
---|---|---|---|
17:00 | Marta Negri | POLIMI | Circular Economy, sustainability, and Industrial Symbiosis: synergies and trade offs in the measurement of performance |
17:20 | Alessandro Creazza | LIUC | The circle of printing: designing circular supply chains in the printer cartridge industry |
17:40 | Gianmarco Bressanelli | UNIBS | Assessing the impact of Circular Economy strategies in manufacturing supply chains: a simulation tool |
18:00 | Giuseppe Vignali | UNIPR | Agri.Co.Pack - Packaging alimentare sostenibile dai residui Agricoli: dalla natura per la natura |
18:20 | Paolo Rosa | POLIMI | TREASURE project: leading the TRansion of the European Automotive SUpply chain towards a circulaR futurE |
18:40 | Lucia Botti e Riccardo Melloni | UNIMORE | Circular economy: an opportunity to think about a sustainable development |
Research Workshop - COVID and Industrial Engineering
Chair: Giuditta Pezzotta
Thursday, September 9 @ 17:00-19:00
Time | Speaker | University | Title |
---|---|---|---|
17:00 | Marco Ardolino | UNIBS | Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on manufacturing |
17:15 | Giovanni Zenezini | POLITO | The New Normal of City Logistics. Exploring how the Covid-19 Pandemic is changing service requirements and levels |
17:30 | Adalberto Polenghi e Marco Macchi | POLIMI | Planning the COVID-19 massive vaccination campaign in Lombardy: challenges and solutions |
17:45 | Alessandro Guzzini | UNIBO | Strategy to prevent the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2: why air relative humidity control is the best strategy to counteract virus spreading |
18:00 | Antonella Certa | UNIPA | Magic - Design of a real time Monitoring and control system for AGrIcultural workers to limit the SARS-Cov-2 virus diffusion |
18:15 | Giuseppe Aiello | UNIPA | SENSOMAR - Nanostructured Sensor for Oxidative Stress in breathe masks for remote risk evaluation |
18:30 | Flavio Tonelli | UNIGE | Definition of a predictive model for the spread of COVID-19 infections on a territorial scale |
18:45 | Fabiana Pirola | UNIBG | A Simulation-based decision support framework To Engineer People flows in evolving pandemic Scenarios |
Educational Workshop - Why you need a literature review section in your research
Chairs: Eleonora Bottani, Claudia Colicchia, Paolo Rosa
Local host: Fabiana Pirola
Friday, September 10
@ 09:30-11:00
When you have decided on a topic and need to start your research or when you want to publish a paper, the literature review is an essential step to accomplish and to keep updated all along the journey. How to tackle a literature review without getting lost or falling into writing’s block? How pull the information together into a sound and publishable literature review? This workshop aims to help PhD students and young researchers to deal with a literature review by sharing experience and problems, and by receiving and providing suggestions and advice.
Educational Workshop - How to structure your lecture in a blended world
Chair: Massimiliano Schiraldi
Local host: Roberto Pinto
Friday, September 10
@ 11:30-13:00
Teaching is based on communication, and there are many communication techniques helpful in maximizing the effectiveness of a lesson. These techniques, studied over the years and based on several different theories, have been developed assuming that the teacher is physically present in front of the students. This hypothesis collapses with the adoption of distance learning. How should communication techniques in the classroom change accordingly?
This workshop aims at being an opportunity to share experience and suggestions among peers and to help younger colleagues to approach lecturing in the blended world. We invite you to read the following 3-page paper to prepare for the discussion.